What does out-group bias typically refer to?

Out-group bias refers to the tendency for individuals to have negative feelings or attitudes toward those who are not part of their own social, ethnic, or cultural group. This phenomenon often manifests as stereotyping, discrimination, or hostility directed towards members of out-groups. People tend to favor their in-group, often perceiving it as superior or more positive, while viewing out-groups less favorably. This bias can result in a range of social issues, including prejudice and conflict between different groups.

The other options present alternative perspectives that do not accurately capture the essence of out-group bias. Positive attitudes towards one's own group speak to in-group favoritism, which is a separate concept. Neutral treatment of all groups suggests an impartial stance that typically does not reflect the presence of biases. Lastly, acceptance of diverse cultures indicates an inclusive attitude, which contrasts sharply with the negative predispositions associated with out-group bias.