What is ingroup bias?

Ingroup bias refers to the psychological phenomenon where individuals show preferential treatment and favorable attitudes towards members of their own group compared to those of other groups. This bias often manifests in social contexts where belonging to a particular group, such as ethnicity, nationality, or any other category, leads to a stronger bond and a sense of identity among members of that group.

People tend to perceive their ingroup more positively, which can include attributing greater competence, altruism, and warmth to those within the group. This bias is rooted in social identity theory, which suggests that individuals derive part of their self-esteem from the groups to which they belong. As a result, they may be more inclined to support their own group's interests and defend its members against perceived slights or challenges.

The other options do not accurately capture the essence of ingroup bias. Disliking all groups, being neutral toward all groups, or favoring outgroups do not reflect the tendency to prioritize and value one's own group, which is the crux of ingroup bias.