Which of the following best defines authority in social influence?

Authority in social influence refers to the ability of individuals or groups to affect others' behaviors or beliefs because of their perceived power or legitimacy. This concept is exemplified in various settings, from formal institutions like government and schools to informal social structures. When authority exerts influence, it often leads individuals to comply with requests or obey directives, even when it may conflict with their personal beliefs or desires. This phenomenon is grounded in the recognition of the authority's position and the expectation that their directives should be followed.

The other choices, while related to various forms of social influence, do not capture the essence of authority. Influence based on peer pressure centers more on informal group dynamics where individuals conform to the behaviors of their peers rather than following a recognized authority. Popularity as a form of influence is often tied to social acceptance but does not inherently establish an authority figure. Lastly, influence unrelated to social roles ignores the importance of the roles individuals occupy, which are central to how authority operates in societal structures. Thus, the correct answer highlights the fundamental aspect of authority leading to compliance or obedience, distinguishing it from other forms of influence.