Which of the following is an example of institutional racism?

The choice identifying systematic practices that result in the subordination of a race accurately captures the essence of institutional racism. Institutional racism refers to the policies, practices, and procedures within established institutions that create or maintain racial inequality. This type of racism is often embedded in the structures of society, such as in education, employment, criminal justice, and housing, leading to disparities in outcomes based on race.

For example, if a school district has policies that disproportionately affect students of certain racial backgrounds—such as disciplinary procedures that lead to higher suspension rates for those students—this is a clear illustration of institutional racism. The impact is not just from individual biases but from the system as a whole, which can perpetuate disadvantage across generations.

In contrast, having personal bias against a specific race pertains to individual attitudes and beliefs, which differ from the larger, systemic issues represented in institutional racism. Being aware of and correcting biases reflects a proactive and individual ethical stance, while a general acceptance of all races describes an ideal scenario of equality and does not illustrate any specific systemic issues.